My research focus has been on the public health impact, risk factors, and treatments of the main causes of blindness in the developed and developing world: cataracts, glaucoma, and age-related macular degeneration. Since my last review, I have continued to publish on findings from the Ocular Hypertension Treatment Study (OHTS), the Incidence of Age-Related Macular Degeneration (IAMD), the Thessaloniki Eye Study (TES), and the Study of Osteoporotic Fractures- Eye Study (SOF-ES). In addition, I have begun investigating sources of visual impairment in children along with potential interventions (Scientific Paper #108 and Gerald Oppenheimer Family Foundation Center for Prevention of Eye Disease grant) as well as potential genetic risk factors for age-related macular degeneration (Scientific Paper #84 and American Health Assistance Foundation and National Eye Institute grants) and glaucoma (Gerald Oppenheimer Family Foundation Center for Prevention of Eye Disease grant). I reported that even for elderly women with age-related macular degeneration, quitting smoking can slow down the development of the late stages of the disease (Scientific Paper #95).